tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-55581286193044746322023-07-18T23:44:43.835-07:00Skema ElektronikaKoleksi skema rangkaian elektronika, Electronic Schematic CircuitsTatangTugumashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03654631374659488298noreply@blogger.comBlogger20125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5558128619304474632.post-6009480920525878342012-04-06T17:39:00.000-07:002012-04-06T17:39:27.504-07:00Rangkaian Indikator Level Air<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRULu3fKeXZw1cABWaGhIVfvxU3Aq-bf_NUowSN5V-LGBt9ZWyJyFlN63TxM5sa9DamBGB8j_1Bie9JEvK02htLbLkVOV9hjSmX70_lE7aBdt6cwBba8Y44pcPFb24jXHNjIUkN5nYMOGp/s1600/Rangkaian+Level+Air.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="142" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRULu3fKeXZw1cABWaGhIVfvxU3Aq-bf_NUowSN5V-LGBt9ZWyJyFlN63TxM5sa9DamBGB8j_1Bie9JEvK02htLbLkVOV9hjSmX70_lE7aBdt6cwBba8Y44pcPFb24jXHNjIUkN5nYMOGp/s320/Rangkaian+Level+Air.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">Gambar 1. Skema Rangkaian Level Air</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> <b>Rakaian level air</b> adalah rangkaian elektronika yang berfungsi untuk mendeteksi tingkat ketinggian air yang mana pada level tertentu akan menghidupkan pompa air secara otomatis. Sehingga dengan bantuan alat ini anda tidak perlu sibuk untuk menyalakan atau mematikan pompa air pada saat penampungan penuh ataupun kosong. Mungkin kalau hanya<a href="" name="more"></a><a name='more'></a> untuk keperluan rumah tangga skala kecil, rangkaian level air ini tidak terlalu berguna. Tetapi jika untuk keperluan yang lebih besar seperti industri rumah tangga dan pabrik-pabrik skala besar maka alat ini akan menjamin ketersediaan supply air kapanpun dibutuhkan. Hal ini karena bak penampungan ataupun tedmont akan selalu berada pada posisi yang selalu tersedia air.</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> Prinsip kerja dari rangkaian level air ini cukup sederhana yakni mengkondisikan supaya air selalu tersedia didalam bak penampungan dengan menyalakan pompa pada saat air akan habis dan mematikan pompa pada saat bak penampungan telah penuh. Tugas untuk mengetahui posisi air di dalam penampungan adalah dilakukan oleh 4 buah kawat level sebagai sensor (pada gambar 2). Ke-empat kawat tersebut diposisikan bertingkat dari yang berada mendekati dasar penampungan hingga pada posisi teratas. </div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> </div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXd8N3ddirqGtZeNUDp5M929AaiUQllJYnBy2WTIE8EaBVsdrefDMgXn2bWqmkdtiNBXSJezMcDKhd_SjPuUCeziGNnfSymEJJO11Tk65UGZKG1ONMXIxRGSBrpjjESbBjPcqMIaWJHgoL/s1600/Sensor+Level.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXd8N3ddirqGtZeNUDp5M929AaiUQllJYnBy2WTIE8EaBVsdrefDMgXn2bWqmkdtiNBXSJezMcDKhd_SjPuUCeziGNnfSymEJJO11Tk65UGZKG1ONMXIxRGSBrpjjESbBjPcqMIaWJHgoL/s200/Sensor+Level.png" width="183" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">Gambar 2. Kawat Probe</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> <b>Komponen yang dibutuhkan </b>untuk rangkaian level air atau pompa air otomatis :</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> <b>Resistor :</b></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> R1 : 100K</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> R2 : 100K</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> R3 : 100K</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> R4 : 2,2K</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> R5 : 2,2K</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> R6 : 2,2K</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> R7 : 10K</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> R8 : 100K</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> R9 : 1 K</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> R10 : 10K</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> R11 : 220 Ohm</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"> R12 : 220 Ohm</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"> R13 : 4,7 K</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"> </div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"> <b>Kapasitor :</b></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"> C1 : 0,01 uf</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"> C2 : 100 uf</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"> </div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"> <b>Transistor :</b></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"> Q1 sd Q4 : BC 546</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"> Q5 & Q6 : PN 2222</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"> </div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"> <b>Dioda :</b></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"> D4 : IN4007</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"> Led : D1 sd D4</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"> </div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"> <b>Integrated Circuit</b></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"> IC NE555</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"> </div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"> Relay 9 volt </div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"> </div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"> Pompa Air</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"> <b><br />
</b></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"> <b>Catatan :</b></div><ul style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><li>Power Supply yang digunakan adalah DC 12 Volt</li>
<li>Probe dibuat dengan menggunakan 4 utas kawat ( kawat : A, B, C dan D )</li>
<li>Pompa air sesuai kebutuhan</li>
<li>Relay 9v atau 12v yang digunakan hendaknya mempunyai dispasi daya yang cukup untuk mensaklarkan besarnya arus motor listrik jala2 PLN 220 Vac. </li>
</ul>TatangTugumashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03654631374659488298noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5558128619304474632.post-30167387696188222542012-04-06T14:56:00.001-07:002012-04-06T14:57:49.394-07:00Rangkaian Led Flasher 1 Transistor<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijREm8hXj2-Sq7Ow6qIv55kAhLbDzXlXKlIh847sZ1xUSgQQMMj3usaXLM1GFyAZczIM7YWHIKcKZnYbXY_ri9rNhHTm7LLBHoJJRjy-xKJzc0MRenNP7O-vPsch1RFOJcC131Ym5Lp1-s/s1600/Led-Flasher-1Tr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijREm8hXj2-Sq7Ow6qIv55kAhLbDzXlXKlIh847sZ1xUSgQQMMj3usaXLM1GFyAZczIM7YWHIKcKZnYbXY_ri9rNhHTm7LLBHoJJRjy-xKJzc0MRenNP7O-vPsch1RFOJcC131Ym5Lp1-s/s1600/Led-Flasher-1Tr.jpg" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD10">Here the</span> <a href="http://skema-electronics.blogspot.com/">schematic diagram</a> of one transistor LED flasher. This circuit can be the simplest circuit led flasher over the world.... :D<br />
<br />
This is a novel flasher circuit working with a single <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD3">driver</span> transistor that will take its flash-rate from a flashing LED. The flasher in the photo is 3mm. An ordinary LED is not going to work. The flash rate are not able to be altered by the brightness of the high-bright <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD12">white LED</span> can be adjusted by replacing the 1k resistor across the 100uF electrolytic to 4k7 or 10k.<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=5558128619304474632&postID=3016738769618822254" name="more"></a><br />
The 1k resistor discharges the 100uF so that when the transistor turns on, the charging current into the 100uF illuminates the white LED. If a 10k discharge resistor is applied, the 100uF will not be completely discharged and also the LED isn't going to flash as bright.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgo2yewnW0yt-TZ2kyqwwPsXgiUfaYEvtiyVazTfm0dUpQUnfLnT_t_RqK1zcE4d0Orek5TnJ1_covbpavDKXPrjLQs7brhadiq5GI6lt6F14Y82HByhf4JwXJEfRV9zdnHk7UI1LNK5lMc/s1600/Led-Flasher-1Tr-foto.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgo2yewnW0yt-TZ2kyqwwPsXgiUfaYEvtiyVazTfm0dUpQUnfLnT_t_RqK1zcE4d0Orek5TnJ1_covbpavDKXPrjLQs7brhadiq5GI6lt6F14Y82HByhf4JwXJEfRV9zdnHk7UI1LNK5lMc/s320/Led-Flasher-1Tr-foto.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Foto Rangkaian <a href="http://skema-electronics.blogspot.com/search/label/Led%20and%20Light" target="_blank">Led Flasher</a></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div style="text-align: center;"></div><br />
All of the components within the photo are in the identical places as in the <a href="http://skema-electronics.blogspot.com/" target="_blank" title="electronic circuit diagram">circuit diagram</a> in making it easy to learn how the components are joined.TatangTugumashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03654631374659488298noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5558128619304474632.post-60968742239092437852012-04-05T07:10:00.000-07:002012-04-05T07:10:38.514-07:00Battery Charger 12v SLA<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3Gg23frmnmZt8bGUcC_hPJywHcb6unj4QBUtGf6lZTAOJQ9GElDco782K3b7B9I5lWb09BCyKqgeaTurQmPFDuxPTpRkUlCTVQujyaYqBFA-HDe40Tl6bLUjFZFylvgsSyXXKOoB2UHA7/s1600/BatteryCharger12vSLA.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="257" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3Gg23frmnmZt8bGUcC_hPJywHcb6unj4QBUtGf6lZTAOJQ9GElDco782K3b7B9I5lWb09BCyKqgeaTurQmPFDuxPTpRkUlCTVQujyaYqBFA-HDe40Tl6bLUjFZFylvgsSyXXKOoB2UHA7/s320/BatteryCharger12vSLA.gif" width="320" /></a></span></span></div>Before we go into the operation of the SLA Battery Charger circuit, there are a number of points we need to cover about the care and use of Sealed Lead Acid batteries. <br />
Firstly, these batteries must be charged, discharged and stored very carefully.<br />
We normally think batteries can be stored for months (if not years) and they will be available for immediate use. <br />
This is not the case with SLA batteries. <br />
If you store a NEW, full charged SLA battery for 6 months or more, you will find it may be fully discharged. <br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<a href="" name="more"></a>You may also find you cannot charge it!! It may be worthless. <br />
That's how delicate SLA batteries are. <br />
<br />
They must be charged on a regular basis to prevent them discharging to a very low voltage level. <br />
If the terminal voltage of a SLA battery is allowed to go below 8v, a process called SULPHATION starts to cover the surface of the plates and prevents the battery being re-charged. The internal resistance of the battery increases and it becomes useless. <br />
More on this at the end of the article.<br />
<br />
HOW THE CIRCUIT WORKS<br />
The circuit consists of 5 building blocks: <br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpYCwpzF7IaE2Hbp178sysgPq1M7a1wjsTkJEVmAaimAbV52-LAhP3Eu2LOYRFwoaTmO4Hhn-qsgOdgWgWNy8knUruAgCE0a5GIbtuJR3kXCVuTedS8hSTKMeHhncFCi-JHdLkIsn3a6Q6/s1600/BatteryCharger12vSLA-blocks.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="322" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpYCwpzF7IaE2Hbp178sysgPq1M7a1wjsTkJEVmAaimAbV52-LAhP3Eu2LOYRFwoaTmO4Hhn-qsgOdgWgWNy8knUruAgCE0a5GIbtuJR3kXCVuTedS8hSTKMeHhncFCi-JHdLkIsn3a6Q6/s400/BatteryCharger12vSLA-blocks.gif" width="400" /></a></div><br />
<br />
The circuit does not turn on until a battery is connected across the terminals as shown in the diagram. (A push switch has been provided to start the circuit when a totally flat battery is fitted.)<br />
This action turns on the PNP transistor in the "Turn ON" block. The resistance between the collector-emitter terminals decreases and the indicator LED comes on. <br />
The path to the bottom rail of the circuit goes through a signal diode, the gate-cathode junction of the SCR and through two 1R8 resistors in parallel. This is why the LED illuminates. <br />
<br />
MUST USE AC PLUG PACK<br />
Before we go any further, the circuit works on an AC plug pack. It must be an AC supply as we do not want any electrolytics to be present on the power rail as this will allow a very high charge-current to flow and possibly damage the SCR. <br />
A DC supply will not allow the SCR to turn off, as it turns off when the current through it falls to zero. <br />
<br />
THE CIRCUIT IS A HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER!<br />
The circuit is actually a half-wave rectifier. It only charges the battery on every half cycle. The plug pack doesn't like this as it leaves residual flux in the core of the transformer and causes it to overheat. But that's the only drawback with the circuit.<br />
The SCR turns on during each half cycle and current flows into the battery. <br />
A voltage is developed across the two 1R8 resistors (in parallel) and this voltage is fed into the 47u electrolytic. It charges and turns on the BC547 transistor. <br />
The transistor robs the SCR of gate voltage and the SCR turns off. The energy in the 47u feeds into the transistor but after a short time it cannot keep the transistor turned on. <br />
The transistor turns off and the SCR switches on and delivers another pulse of current to the battery. <br />
As the battery charges, its voltage increases and this is monitored by the "Voltage Monitor" block. <br />
The circuit is very complex and one way to look at the operation is to consider the top rail as a fixed rail and as the battery voltage increases, the rail connected to the negative terminal of the battery is pushed down. <br />
This lets you see how the "Turn On" transistor is activated and how the "Voltage Monitor" components create voltage drops across each of them. <br />
The "Voltage Monitor" components consist of a transistor and zener diode as well as an 8k2 resistor, the 1k pot, a 1k5 resistor, a 150R resistor and a signal diode. <br />
The signal diode is actually part of the flasher circuit and we discuss its operation later.<br />
As the voltage across the battery increases to 13.75 volts, each resistor in the "voltage detecting network" will have a voltage drop across it that corresponds to the resistance of the resistor. The diode will have a constant 0.7v across it. <br />
The voltage on the wiper of the pot will be about 3.25v and the voltage across the zener will be 10v. This leaves 0.6v between the base and emitter of the Voltage Monitor transistor. <br />
This voltage is sufficient to turn the transistor ON. <br />
When the Voltage Monitor transistor turns ON, it robs the "Turn On" transistor of base-emitter voltage and the circuit turns off. <br />
The SCR has only two states: ON and OFF. <br />
During the half-cycle when it is turned on, the battery gets a high pulse of current and the current is only limited by the capability of the plug pack. <br />
There are no electrolytics to allow very high pulses of current to be delivered and this is fortunate as the SCR is only a 0.8 amp device, but will endure surges of 10amp for half a cycle. <br />
Whenever the SCR is triggered into conduction during the half cycle of its operation, it remains in conduction until the voltage delivered by the plug pack falls to zero. This is when the SCR turns off. <br />
When the plug pack delivers a negative voltage to the top rail and a positive voltage to the lowest rail, the SCR is not triggered into conduction and none of the components in the circuit deliver current to the battery. The SCR delivers current for a few half-cycles and then it is turned off for a few cycles. This is how the average current delivered to the battery is controlled. <br />
The circuit is designed to deliver about 300 - 400 mA average charge-current. The actual value is determined by the 1R8 resistors. <br />
When the battery is fully charged, the indicator LED begins to flash. <br />
The flashing is produced by the 2k2 resistor and 47u (connected to the voltage monitor section). <br />
When the battery is charging, the 47u is charged via the diode connected to the BC557 transistor and through the 150R and signal diode to the negative of the battery. <br />
When the battery is fully charged, the Voltage Monitor section turns ON and turns off the "Turn ON" section. <br />
This removes the voltage on the positive side of the 47u and the positive side is brought to the negative rail via the 2k2 resistor. This brings down the negative side of the 47u and the 150R resistor is allowed to drop below the negative rail due to the presence of the diode, as the diode becomes reverse-biased.<br />
This holds the circuit in the "off" condition, as the voltage monitor section sees an extra voltage across it and thinks the battery it is "over-charged."<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkxwrPUNpBCT4YZ6XdcNjIuWqkYAeY0n589oTFprGL5MktfSpEjwNBjUi7yz5POO7MPEt04jzb8j0kCaZuYFyK2Ne0kVttAsJbKuxp1AQ7zpat4bPSOj7T_-RaPEnlgKqKbohFWEHvtD3H/s1600/BatteryCharger-13.76v.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkxwrPUNpBCT4YZ6XdcNjIuWqkYAeY0n589oTFprGL5MktfSpEjwNBjUi7yz5POO7MPEt04jzb8j0kCaZuYFyK2Ne0kVttAsJbKuxp1AQ7zpat4bPSOj7T_-RaPEnlgKqKbohFWEHvtD3H/s1600/BatteryCharger-13.76v.gif" /></a></div><br />
The 47u discharges and the circuit turns ON to pump a small burst of current into the battery to keep it charged. This is called "Trickle Mode" or "Pulse Mode."<br />
<br />
DEAD BATTERIES<br />
The circuit will not turn on if the voltage of the battery you are charging is less than 4 volts.<br />
If you have a good battery that has been totally discharged, you can manually start the charging process by connecting the battery and pressing the button. This will raise the voltage <br />
on each cell and the circuit will take over in the normal way once the voltage rises more than 4 volts. <br />
<br />
SCR: MCR100 type - 6 400v current 0.8A Max current for half cycle 10A <br />
<br />
DON'T WASTE YOUR TIME<br />
If you have a battery that does not charge, even after you have pressed the push button, don't waste your time. If it has been standing for more than 6 months in an uncharged state, it will not charge. <br />
This charger is ideal in determining if a battery is able to be charged. <br />
Just connect it to the charger and monitor the voltage across the battery. If it remains at less than 8v after 1 hour, the battery is scrap. <br />
You can easily test a battery by putting a 12v car globe across the terminals. Even a tail light globe will require a current of more than 1 amp to get it to glow and if the battery cannot deliver this current, it is DEAD. <br />
The only "dead" battery that can be recovered is one that has been connected to equipment and is totally exhausted. The equipment has exhausted the battery. <br />
If you charge it within a few weeks, the process of "sulphation" will not have damaged it and it can be fully charged. <br />
If the battery is "dead" due to standing for a long time, the chances of recovery are virtually nil. <br />
<br />
Sealed Batteries<br />
Sealed batteries have the acid either gelled or put into a sponge-like glass mat. They have the advantage/disadvantage of being completely liquid-tight. They can operate in any position, even sideways or upside down, and will not leak acid. Because the electrolyte moves more slowly, these batteries cannot tolerate high rates of charging or discharging for extended periods, although their thinner plates will allow high rates for a short time. Their sealed construction, which makes them ideal for some limited applications, makes it impossible to check individual cell conditions with a hydrometer. Although these cells are "sealed," they do have vents to prevent pressure build-up in case of gassing. Many PV charge controls will push charging voltage too high for sealed batteries. Premature failure will result due to loss of water vapor. We recommend sealed batteries only in situations where hydrogen gassing during charging cannot be tolerated, or the battery is going to be moved and handled a great deal, or in conditions where the battery needs to fit into unique, tight spaces. Boats, UPS computer power supplies, and remote expeditions are the most common uses. Special lower voltage charge controls must be used with these batteries. Life expectancy is two to five years for most AGM (absorbed glass mat) batteries, and five to ten years for the higher quality, but more difficult to manufacture, gel cell batteries. Most sealed batteries are AGM types. <br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgce-jMLF-P4X_dr_q77Alj2HBvQ2AGQlZQkDAEvvIYEZa8q255dlZzw8ZlmECb3Ll8wRB46-Ktfu_Zm6HnEvbvCPxpErbUybAgLts2XlTyxlLLVGGFX1cJ4RUPLLPbW2weRSzJiDpYAcyc/s1600/12v+batteries.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="269" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgce-jMLF-P4X_dr_q77Alj2HBvQ2AGQlZQkDAEvvIYEZa8q255dlZzw8ZlmECb3Ll8wRB46-Ktfu_Zm6HnEvbvCPxpErbUybAgLts2XlTyxlLLVGGFX1cJ4RUPLLPbW2weRSzJiDpYAcyc/s320/12v+batteries.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<br />
Sumber: talkingelectronics.com<br />
<br />
<table bgcolor="#ccdead" border="1" id="table9"><tbody>
<tr style="color: black;"> <td><div align="center"> PARTS LIST<br />
12v SLA Battery Charger<br />
$xx.00 </div></td> </tr>
<tr style="color: black;"> <td height="36">2 - 1R8 0.5watt resistors<br />
1 - 150R 0.25 watt resistor<br />
1 - 180R<br />
1 - 560R<br />
1 - 1k5<br />
3 - 2k2 <br />
1 - 3k3<br />
1 - 4k7<br />
1 - 8k2<br />
1 - 1k mini trim pot<br />
<br />
1 - 1n ceramic<br />
2 - 47u 25v electrolytics<br />
<br />
1 - 5mm red LED<br />
<br />
4 - 1N4148 signal diodes<br />
1 - 10v 0.25watt zener<br />
1 - BC 547 transistor<br />
2 - BC557 transistors<br />
1 - MCR100-6 SCR <br />
1 - 1m red lead<br />
1 - 1m black lead<br />
2 - alligator clips<br />
1 - 2m very fine solder<br />
<br />
1 - SLA Battery Charger PCB<br />
<br />
Also required:<br />
1 - 12v AC transformer (500mA AC)<br />
1 - power lead<br />
1 - case</td></tr>
</tbody></table>TatangTugumashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03654631374659488298noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5558128619304474632.post-84301189258031512422012-04-05T06:54:00.002-07:002012-04-05T06:54:54.718-07:00Cara mengukur dan menghitung Transformator<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDAvCu9E2N0-Rkd8jotRwMKQuZgk1_q0eRRKiy0534Yrg8TE4SybCuM9CYNnJ7gMQD_JbWqnkFNYLsKdyWJ9sXxLiKY7KH7vaedTiDYlDBsKczzjl70-5rKUwNklKiSwD2jqxG9ZTCra0/s1600/Trafo.png" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDAvCu9E2N0-Rkd8jotRwMKQuZgk1_q0eRRKiy0534Yrg8TE4SybCuM9CYNnJ7gMQD_JbWqnkFNYLsKdyWJ9sXxLiKY7KH7vaedTiDYlDBsKczzjl70-5rKUwNklKiSwD2jqxG9ZTCra0/s1600/Trafo.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Transformator (Trafo)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>Peralatan kantor sampai peralatan rumah tangga yang menggunakan Trafo (transformator) sebagai power supply atau sumber tegangan. Kebanyakan trafo tersebut adalah jenis step-down yang berfungsi untuk menurunkan tegangan AC (bolak-balik). Trafo jenis ini memiliki kumparan (lilitan) primer lebih banyak daripada kumparan sekunder. Dengan trafo step-down ini, tegangan input PLN 220V-240V diturunkan menjadi 6V, 9V,12V, 15V, atau sesuai kebutuhan, setelah itu disearahkan menjadi tegangan DC. <br />
<br />
<a href="" name="more"></a><a name='more'></a><br />
<br />
Pengukuran dan pengecekan trafo <br />
Untuk mengetahui kondisi sebuah trafo dapat dilakukan dengan cara sederhana menggunakan multimeter pada selektor Ohm Meter. Pada prinsipnya transformator yang masih bagus dapat dilihat dari hasil beberapa pengetesan berikut:<br />
<br />
Kumparan primer trafo tidak boleh terhubung dengan dengan kumparan sekunder trafo<br />
Setiap titik (terminal) pada ujung kumparan primer harus terhubung atau memiliki resistansi kecil, terminal-terminal tersebut ditandai dengan tulisan tegangan input seperti 0, 110V, 120V, 220V, dan 240V<br />
Setiap terminal pada ujung kumparan sekunder harus terhubung atau memiliki resistansi kecil, terminal-terminal tersebut ditandai dengan tulisan tegangan output seperti 0, CT, 6V, 9V,12V, 15V, 18V, dan 24V <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDAvCu9E2N0-Rkd8jotRwMKQuZgk1_q0eRRKiy0534Yrg8TE4SybCuM9CYNnJ7gMQD_JbWqnkFNYLsKdyWJ9sXxLiKY7KH7vaedTiDYlDBsKczzjl70-5rKUwNklKiSwD2jqxG9ZTCra0/s1600/Trafo.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDAvCu9E2N0-Rkd8jotRwMKQuZgk1_q0eRRKiy0534Yrg8TE4SybCuM9CYNnJ7gMQD_JbWqnkFNYLsKdyWJ9sXxLiKY7KH7vaedTiDYlDBsKczzjl70-5rKUwNklKiSwD2jqxG9ZTCra0/s1600/Trafo.png" /></a> <br />
Pada gambar di atas, 0, 6V, 9V, 12V, 15V, 18V, dan 24V adalah terminal-terminal kumparan sekunder trafo sedangkan 0V, 110V, 220V, dan 240V adalah terminal-terminal kumparan primer trafo. <br />
Perhitungan Trafo<br />
Trafo yang tersusun dari kumparan primer, kumparan sekunder, dan inti besi bekerja berdasarkan hukum Ampere dan hukum Faraday dimana arus listrik berubah menjadi medan magnet dan sebaliknya medan magnet berubah menjadi arus listrik. Apabila salah satu kumparan pada transformator diberi arus bolak-balik (AC) maka medan magnet akan berubah dan menimbulkan induksi pada kumparan sisi yang lain. Perubahan medan magnet tersebut akan mengakibatkan perbedaan potensial (tegangan). <br />
<br />
<br />
Berikut adalah beberapa rumus dasar untuk menentukan jumlah kumparan primer dan kumparan sekunder agar menghasilkan tegangan output rendah dengan arus besar. <br />
<br />
<br />
Np / Ns = Vp / Vs = Is / Ip <br />
<br />
Keterangan : <br />
Np = Jumlah kumparan primer <br />
Ns = Jumlah kumparan sekunder <br />
Vp = Tegangan input primer (Volt)<br />
Vs = Tegangan output sekunder (Volt)<br />
Ip = Arus input primer (Ampere)<br />
Is = Arus output sekunder (Ampere)<br />
<br />
Dari rumus di atas, arus berbanding terbalik dengan kumparan dan tegangan.<br />
<br />
Pp = Ps<br />
Vp x Ip = Vs x Is<br />
Pp = Daya Primer (Watt)<br />
Ps = Daya Sekunder (Watt)<br />
Vp = Tegangan Primer (Volt)<br />
Vs = Tegangan Sekunder (Volt)<br />
Ip = Arus Sekunder (Ampere)<br />
Is = Arus Sekunder (Ampere)<br />
<br />
Contoh 1<br />
Jika sebuah trafo memiliki kumparan primer (Np) 2200, tegangan input (Vp) 220V, dan tegangan output sekunder (Vs) yang diinginkan adalah 10V, maka jumlah kumparan sekunder adalah......<br />
<br />
Np / Ns = Vp / Vs<br />
2200 / Ns = 220 / 10<br />
Ns = 2200 / (220 /10 )<br />
Ns = 2200 / 22<br />
Ns = 100<br />
Jadi untuk menghasilkan tegangan output (Vs) sekunder 10V, kumparan sekunder (Ns) harus 100 lilitan <br />
<br />
Contoh 2<br />
Jika sebuah trafo memiliki kumparan primer (Np) 2000 dan kumparan sekunder (Ns) 500, berapakah arus primer dan arus sekunder jika digunakan untuk menyalakan sebuah pemanas 25 Volt 50 Watt.<br />
<br />
Pp = Ps<br />
Vp x Ip = Vs x Is<br />
Is = Ps / Vs<br />
Is = 50 / 25<br />
Is = 2 <br />
Jadi arus sekunder (Is) trafo tersebut adalah 1 Ampere <br />
<br />
Np / Ns = Is / Ip <br />
Np / Ns = (Ps / Vs) / Ip<br />
2000 / 500 = (50 / 25) / Ip<br />
4 = 2 / Ip<br />
Ip = 2 / 4<br />
Ip = 0.5 <br />
<br />
atau <br />
<br />
Np / Ns = Is / Ip<br />
2000 / 500 = 2 / Ip<br />
4 = 2 / Ip<br />
Ip = 2 /4<br />
Ip = 0.5 <br />
Jadi Arus Primer (Ip) adalah 0.5 Ampere<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYpM5BmxBHtx6I_OHRcIxN9J-IpvRhCZZNDqGery-gLKiNnmIjlJ_jN31a_VEC-HOLw2fkTneFeY7c_vF5wlMgC5MaEn4ZvmWQJtJW5daxWuzFl62nP1SHo4XH8ZvTSQlkiVxnUmwdGAY/s1600/skema.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYpM5BmxBHtx6I_OHRcIxN9J-IpvRhCZZNDqGery-gLKiNnmIjlJ_jN31a_VEC-HOLw2fkTneFeY7c_vF5wlMgC5MaEn4ZvmWQJtJW5daxWuzFl62nP1SHo4XH8ZvTSQlkiVxnUmwdGAY/s1600/skema.png" /></a> Catatan: <br />
Tegangan primer dan tegangan sekunder trafo adalah tegangan bolah-balik (AC). <br />
Source: www.multiteknik66.netTatangTugumashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03654631374659488298noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5558128619304474632.post-19744247711754329322012-04-05T04:56:00.000-07:002012-04-05T04:56:47.249-07:00Rangkaian Inverter 60 Watt<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgi_jyDNb8GwCnkL7U9a9x7toiY2CT-gIYRodllkhZBO7gNhb93IS1baFibC7RnaxOwZUzB7LhrTi8g1xagKYtFMjeLy4cOrF9l-SF37-iU9RpD-ca428KB6wI2QuAxaqcvmzkz2aBeb4Fy/s1600/60w-dc-to-ac-inverter.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="130" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgi_jyDNb8GwCnkL7U9a9x7toiY2CT-gIYRodllkhZBO7gNhb93IS1baFibC7RnaxOwZUzB7LhrTi8g1xagKYtFMjeLy4cOrF9l-SF37-iU9RpD-ca428KB6wI2QuAxaqcvmzkz2aBeb4Fy/s320/60w-dc-to-ac-inverter.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">60 Watt <a href="http://skema-electronics.blogspot.com/search/label/Inverter">Inverter Circuit</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div style="text-align: left;">Above circuit is a inexpensive completely transistorised <a href="http://skema-electronics.blogspot.com/search/label/Inverter">inverter circuit</a> ideal for driving medium loads of the order of 40 to 60 watts working with battery of 12V, 15 Ah or bigger power capacity.</div><br />
Transistors T1 and T2 (BC548) make a 50Hz multivibrator. For having proper frequency, the<a name='more'></a> values of resistors R3 and R4 may have to be modified after testing. The <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD4">complementary</span> outputs from Collectors of transistors T1 and T2 are provided to PNP darlington driver stages formed by transistor pairs T3-T4 and T6-T7 (utilising transistors BD140 and 2N6107). The outputs from the <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD5">drivers</span> are given to transistors T5 and T8 (2N3055) connected for push-pull operation.<br />
<br />
Considerably bigger wattage could be achieved by growing the drive to 2N3055 transistors (by lowering the value of resistors R7 and R8 while increasing their wattage). Appropriate heatsinks may be applied for that output stage transistors to prevent the transistor from overheating. Transformer X1 is really a 230V primary to 9V-0-9V, 10A secondary used in reverse.TatangTugumashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03654631374659488298noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5558128619304474632.post-1505283564322561602012-04-05T04:47:00.001-07:002012-04-05T04:48:49.634-07:00Skema Rangkaian Inverter 100 WattThis <a href="http://skema-electronics.blogspot.com/search/label/Inverter">inverter circuit</a> can be used for medium electronic devices such as <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD10">emergency light</span>, radio, <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD4">battery charger</span> etc. Be carefull during <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD11">assembly</span> this circuit because of high voltage on the output transformer.<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjEC_LE6tTFzK_18Y2VWmSHoLTF-g2hxei5j2CP52Pwrfa_PDVHoovRHaBqHxT1Ae_YUU1kmDFOWLwadfzCIMsgOdXJ62RrfZMHR4Qm2FcN-4_ZIuoRk1GI8z9g-MtCRaK1__byRBkIfzj/s1600/Inverter-100Watt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="123" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjEC_LE6tTFzK_18Y2VWmSHoLTF-g2hxei5j2CP52Pwrfa_PDVHoovRHaBqHxT1Ae_YUU1kmDFOWLwadfzCIMsgOdXJ62RrfZMHR4Qm2FcN-4_ZIuoRk1GI8z9g-MtCRaK1__byRBkIfzj/s320/Inverter-100Watt.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://skema-electronics.blogspot.com/search/label/Inverter">Rangkaian Inverter</a> 100 Watt</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><a name='more'></a><br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">100W <a href="http://skema-electronics.blogspot.com/search/label/Inverter">Inverter</a> <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD2">PCB Design</span> Layout:</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGA54LOU09Wcvh1NRfwcOXqbF0EUgr6wWgwhiUzT6n2SMRKi00IWFiFaJFEWLQ199HQZzhkIrHcONJ3yQu8aC7PKGkR_QfjupIjcGlSFuWk5z37N_ayiP8NOcn7McRuuRqt3WmXfy7Fe-f/s1600/Pcb-Inverter100Watt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGA54LOU09Wcvh1NRfwcOXqbF0EUgr6wWgwhiUzT6n2SMRKi00IWFiFaJFEWLQ199HQZzhkIrHcONJ3yQu8aC7PKGkR_QfjupIjcGlSFuWk5z37N_ayiP8NOcn7McRuuRqt3WmXfy7Fe-f/s320/Pcb-Inverter100Watt.jpg" width="175" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><br />
<br />
Source of the circuit: <a href="http://circuitdiagram.net/100w-inverter-12vdc-to-220vac.html" target="_blank">100W Interver Circuit</a>TatangTugumashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03654631374659488298noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5558128619304474632.post-27391062793774027002012-04-05T03:56:00.001-07:002012-04-05T05:05:44.158-07:00Power Amplifier 4 Transistor<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEii0SaugF1HMBvY1q1bwiRS0V0Qrjp1aVtbeBmyexfDgLc9Cmn32w8ul5vNcLA-qkqlgLf1GrQtXeKY82uYt-4932SbkZXuf--99nGqOg_b3G9eouZcDihRwVYwUYKX7XydVntTW4yvts/s1600/Amplifier-4transistor.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="165" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEii0SaugF1HMBvY1q1bwiRS0V0Qrjp1aVtbeBmyexfDgLc9Cmn32w8ul5vNcLA-qkqlgLf1GrQtXeKY82uYt-4932SbkZXuf--99nGqOg_b3G9eouZcDihRwVYwUYKX7XydVntTW4yvts/s320/Amplifier-4transistor.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://skema-electronics.blogspot.com/search/label/Power%20Amplifier">Power Amplifier</a> 4 Transistor</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div style="text-align: center;"></div>Above diagram very simple and easy to build <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD5">class</span> AB <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD2">audio<a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_1848746624"> </a><a href="http://skema-electronics.blogspot.com/search/label/Power%20Amplifier">amplifier</a></span> circuit which is working with 4 transistors. In class AB operation each output device performs more than half of the input signal cycle. Up to 78% effectiveness is possible with class AB designs and cross over distortion is minimized. The circuit shown here is appropriate for small radio receivers, audio players, intercom, phone etc.<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
Transistor Q1 with its connected parts is wired as a pre-amplifier stage. The audio input is coupled to the base of Q1 through resistor R1 and capacitor C1. Resistor R3 delivers collector to base bias for Q1 and C3 is an AC by pass capacitor for the collector resistor R4. Collector to base biasing is a great method of biasing for circuits like this because it provides enough negative feedback, prevents thermal runway and stabilizes the operating point. The <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD4">second</span> stage will be the driver stage for the push pull pair. Q2 with its connected parts carry out this job. This stage can also be collector to base biased, and its input is coupled towards the output from the pre-amplifier stage using capacitor C2. Resistor R8 limits the collector present of Q2.The third stage is the class AB push pull section comprising of transistors Q3 and Q4. Diodes D1 and D2 provides the bias voltage for the push pull stage. The output from the amplifier is coupled to the loud speaker through the capacitor C4. C5 and C6 are <a href="http://skema-electronics.blogspot.com/search/label/Power%20Supply">power supply </a>filter capacitors.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Notes:</span><br />
<ol><li>The circuit can be assembled on a vero <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD8">board</span>.</li>
<li>K1 may be an 8 ohm/5Wof loud speaker.</li>
<li>C6 must be grounded near towards the Q1 and C5 should be grounded near to the loud speaker ground. This reduces noise.</li>
<li>Use 5V DC power supply for powering the circuit.</li>
</ol>TatangTugumashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03654631374659488298noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5558128619304474632.post-85054590957075816362012-04-05T03:41:00.002-07:002012-04-05T03:44:16.226-07:00Power Amplifier 68 Watt LM3886This is a good <a href="http://skema-electronics.blogspot.com/search/label/Power%20Amplifier">amplifier</a> circuit taken from electronic-diy.com. Built based LM3886, the amplifier capable to deliver up to 68W audio output.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNc-j6TV9MAC7EZzIVaqr7DypkLYqUCJbvvLdWlvXsOdAn5hv1ay6Kn8zoKxWlb4oADbqy-fdN3yG8JQ3j7TruL1D0mXzRP7w7nOgozVc1CoTsKFpbPWF7YnoIplPq3tIfRECHyIQcVMeU/s1600/Power-Amplifier-LM3886.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNc-j6TV9MAC7EZzIVaqr7DypkLYqUCJbvvLdWlvXsOdAn5hv1ay6Kn8zoKxWlb4oADbqy-fdN3yG8JQ3j7TruL1D0mXzRP7w7nOgozVc1CoTsKFpbPWF7YnoIplPq3tIfRECHyIQcVMeU/s320/Power-Amplifier-LM3886.gif" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Skema Rangkaian <a href="http://skema-electronics.blogspot.com/search/label/Power%20Amplifier">Power Amplifier</a> IC LM3886</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div style="text-align: center;"></div><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br />
Parts List:</span><br />
<table cellpadding="10px"><tbody>
<tr><td valign="top">R1 = 10K Ohms<br />
R2 = 10 Ohms 2W see text<br />
R3 = 10 Ohms<br />
R4 = 47K Ohms<br />
R5 = 220K Ohms<br />
R6 = 10K Ohms<br />
R7 = 100K Ohms<br />
L1 0,7uH<br />
IC1 LM3886</td><td valign="top">C1 = 100NF<br />
C2 = 100NF<br />
C3 = 100NF<br />
C4 = 100UF<br />
C5 = 100UF<br />
C6 = 4,7UF<br />
C7 = 100UF<br />
C8 = 1UF</td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
The <a href="http://skema-electronics.blogspot.com/search/label/Power%20Amplifier">amplifier</a> should be supplied by +34 and –34 volts. R2 and L1 is a resistor of 10 ohms / 2 watt coiled with 10 to 12 you exhale of enameled thread AWG 20.<br />
<br />
68W Power Amplifier circuit diagram based LM3886TatangTugumashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03654631374659488298noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5558128619304474632.post-83150911909050547722012-04-05T03:25:00.001-07:002012-04-05T03:27:19.416-07:00Alarm Sentuh (Touch Alarm)This is a <a href="http://skema-electronics.blogspot.com/search/label/Alarm">touch activated alarm </a>system. Your alarm system will be activated when someone touching the "trigger". You may use this circuit at your home door, your vehicle etc.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibdlsSmSEQgZ1mk5c7f4MnnthlC-RelEiFgX5OnELWWYDOS_7dek-QYFW8nYIRbd9bZsmdSTtAyuAtJaqu_KHbLqP5mSpuFsds9Uyt3WV4Nj49CkpwayCmSzGDiqLdJwsIp-Qh7nSqb5VU/s1600/Touch-Alarm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibdlsSmSEQgZ1mk5c7f4MnnthlC-RelEiFgX5OnELWWYDOS_7dek-QYFW8nYIRbd9bZsmdSTtAyuAtJaqu_KHbLqP5mSpuFsds9Uyt3WV4Nj49CkpwayCmSzGDiqLdJwsIp-Qh7nSqb5VU/s320/Touch-Alarm.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Skema Rangkaian <a href="http://skema-electronics.blogspot.com/search/label/Alarm">Alarm Sentuh</a></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
</div><span style="font-weight: bold;">Parts list:</span><br />
<table cellpadding="10"><tbody>
<tr><td valign="top">R1 = 100K<br />
R2 = 56K<br />
R3 = 10M<br />
R4 = 220K<br />
P1 = 100K<br />
D1 = 1N4004 </td><td valign="top">T1 = 2N3904, or equivalent<br />
U1 = 555 Timer*<br />
C1 = 47μF/16V**<br />
C2 = 33μF/16V**<br />
Re1 = Relay***</td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Notes:</span><br />
<br />
*The 555 can be a LM, NE, or MC(cmos) type, they're all pin-compatible.<br />
<br />
**C1/C2's working voltage ought to be elevated to 25V in the event you decide to go with a 12V power source. Rule of thumb: the operating voltage of capacitors are at least double the supplied voltage, in other words, if the power source is 9 Volt, your capacitor(s) is a minimum of 18V. Transistor T1 could be any approximate substitute.<br />
<br />
*** Use any appropriate relay for the project and if you're not tight on area, use any size. I've build this specific circuit to prevent students from fiddling using the security cameras in pc labs at the University I'm employed. I made sure the metal casing was not grounded. But as being the schematic shows you are able to essentially hook it as much as any type of metal surface. I utilized a 12-vdc power supply. Use any suitable relay to deal with your specifications. A 'RESET' switch (Normally Closed) can be added between the constructive and also the 'arrow-with-the-+'. The trigger (touch) wire is connected to pin 2 of the 555 and will trigger the relay, using the body resistance, when touched. It is apparent that the 'touching' component has to be clean and can make good contact using the trigger wire. This particular circuit might not be suitable for all applications. Just in case you wonder why pin 5 is not listed within the schematic diagram; it is not really required. In particular noisy circumstances a little ceramic capacitor is placed between pin 5 and ground. It will no harm to put one or leave it out.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">Additional note:</span> For those of you who didn't discover, there's an approximate 5-second delay build-in before activation of the relay to avoid false triggering, or perhaps a 'would-be' thief, and so on.<br />
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Circuit design by Tony van Roon.TatangTugumashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03654631374659488298noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5558128619304474632.post-8030643771770224672012-04-02T16:02:00.004-07:002012-04-02T19:12:01.270-07:00Dioda<div style="text-align: justify;">Komponen elektronik yang berfungsi sebagai alat untuk membatasi arah pergerakan arus listrik, dimana dioda hanya mengijinkan arus listrik untuk mengalir ke satu arah saja dan menghalangi aliran ke arah yang berlawanan.</div><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqrj-ALoW-j0bhAdOAV8G3wAHvRDXwkWzvJc6QKq0bnLtMlCCSI2kmjUSRI_LvuHxT25Zbt60w1RwIUr6K0Xj9DIg74jbmQw8K45p2YHoPHgu3QGETXy0LAuF1GUboApyIaDh3akgsdms/s1600-h/untitled.bmp"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5298049759611943378" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqrj-ALoW-j0bhAdOAV8G3wAHvRDXwkWzvJc6QKq0bnLtMlCCSI2kmjUSRI_LvuHxT25Zbt60w1RwIUr6K0Xj9DIg74jbmQw8K45p2YHoPHgu3QGETXy0LAuF1GUboApyIaDh3akgsdms/s320/untitled.bmp" style="display: block; height: 69px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 167px;" /></a>Gambar fisik dioda</div><a name='more'></a><br />
Pada dioda, kita mengenal istilah potensial barrier yaitu beda potensial pada persambungan. Beda potensial ini menjadi cukup besar untuk menghalangi proses penyebaran difusi selanjutnya dari elektron-elektron bebas. Pada suhu ruangan potensial barrier bekerja sekitar 0,7 Volt untuk Silikon dan 0,3 Volt untuk Germanium.TatangTugumashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03654631374659488298noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5558128619304474632.post-51398484296423821962012-04-02T16:00:00.002-07:002012-04-02T19:14:06.410-07:00TransistorFungsi utama transistor adalah sebagai penguat sinyal dan sebagai saklar elektronik. Dibandingkan dengan Tabung Hampa, transistor mempunyai kelebihan antara lain bentuk fisiknya yang lebih kecil dan daya yang digunakan lebih kecil.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvKM8NJSYhWqlZeQfjtW3enrEEdOR3ax1pZW5GurH2e3RCoJWvmC_f7MdgMPahERStTUvIw6XcFdElRb9bxByq5x2gfY8D0G4nvRSf_2YnQZF1SYY_VTk4OrzUCTRXrk5fbEYj3bOG-Y0/s1600/untitled.bmp"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5298813390550463506" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvKM8NJSYhWqlZeQfjtW3enrEEdOR3ax1pZW5GurH2e3RCoJWvmC_f7MdgMPahERStTUvIw6XcFdElRb9bxByq5x2gfY8D0G4nvRSf_2YnQZF1SYY_VTk4OrzUCTRXrk5fbEYj3bOG-Y0/s320/untitled.bmp" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 153px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 196px;" /></a><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">Gambar fisik transisitor</div><a name='more'></a><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">Secara tipikal transistor mempunyai tiga pin, yaitu:</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>Basis</li>
<li>Emitor</li>
<li>Kolektor</li>
</ul><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=5558128619304474632&postID=5139848429642382196&from=pencil" name="more"></a>Basis merupakan pin untuk meng-aktifkan dan meng-non-aktifkan sebuah transistor. Emitor dan kolektor dihubungkan ke sumber tegangan positif atan negatif atau ground (tergantung konfigurasi transistor).<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Transistor terbagi menjadi dua tipe yaitu NPN dan PNP. Untuk membedakan transistor tipe NPN atau PNP, kamu bisa lihat di tanda panah pada kaki emitornya ( di gambar rangkaiannya lo ya, bukan bentuk fisiknya ). Untuk NPN arah panahnya keluar, sedangkan untuk PNP arah panahnya <span style="color: black;">kedalam</span> Lihat gambar 3 saja, biar lebih jelas.</div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXVylDKsp_w02f86izUvZz33iZpYRiJ1J4ixqbvlc1KrUXyjdvhOFxDXDDGqjoI24-VTxwnunvrd4yo8aHygCQWmcWpVZWxEYvVtPuAq-oPTgzg1LYoo8wHQfDpcZhaIXylviINSgvDcw/s1600/untitled2.bmp"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5299332568555707378" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXVylDKsp_w02f86izUvZz33iZpYRiJ1J4ixqbvlc1KrUXyjdvhOFxDXDDGqjoI24-VTxwnunvrd4yo8aHygCQWmcWpVZWxEYvVtPuAq-oPTgzg1LYoo8wHQfDpcZhaIXylviINSgvDcw/s320/untitled2.bmp" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 124px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 269px;" /></a>Gambar Simbol Transistor<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Untuk menentukan kaki Basis Emitor Kolektor dari sebuah transistor biasanya digunakan multimeter. Tetapi saya punya beberapa tips untuk menentukan kaki transistor tanpa menggunakan multimeter, caranya adalah :</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>Kaki kolektor biasanya terhubung dengan badan transistor apabila transistor tersebut dipacking menggunakan metal. Apabila transistor dipacking dengan plastik maka kaki kolektor biasanya terhubung dengan badan transistor yang akan dihubungkan dengan pendingin.</li>
<li>Apabila transistor tersebut tidak dihubungkan dengan pendingin, maka sebaiknya dicari dulu kaki basisnya. Kalau sudah ketemu, sekarang kaki basisnya ditengah apa dipinggir? Kalau kaki basisnya ditengah, biasanya kaki kolektor berada pada sebelah kanan. Kalau basisnya dipinggir maka kaki kolektor berada pada sebelah tengah.</li>
</ul><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilE5SJoeGqyzi_lEY_nfSkVXJxdiM_Z3r1-PKmRRsw-uh7zRO5-EuvIEYuMvBCTzHrsvHktT0QDKWDeADunGng-ZtLpCi6t--0BkuvkS3yApckUhDdOCTgCKCB71WIa7cYPW-VRjoB_CQ/s1600-h/untitled3.bmp"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5299331890556933202" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilE5SJoeGqyzi_lEY_nfSkVXJxdiM_Z3r1-PKmRRsw-uh7zRO5-EuvIEYuMvBCTzHrsvHktT0QDKWDeADunGng-ZtLpCi6t--0BkuvkS3yApckUhDdOCTgCKCB71WIa7cYPW-VRjoB_CQ/s320/untitled3.bmp" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 119px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 300px;" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Gambar Konfigurasi Kaki Transistor</div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div style="text-align: left;">Cara menentukan Kaki Basis transistor dengan multimeter :<br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvcnPun1kKYhDEFHYoe2xTHq0DueLDpv2RCpvGCcMr1RF2GOsGPBhj-bhIFS4sO4zfOGW_K2YAIpE2g0e4K4CCbN56eYzWbJZROse_cmzJ4P_1MnRibRN5d9yeTQCA8crWYerOCd-PDaI/s1600-h/untitled.gif"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5324205934053643586" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvcnPun1kKYhDEFHYoe2xTHq0DueLDpv2RCpvGCcMr1RF2GOsGPBhj-bhIFS4sO4zfOGW_K2YAIpE2g0e4K4CCbN56eYzWbJZROse_cmzJ4P_1MnRibRN5d9yeTQCA8crWYerOCd-PDaI/s320/untitled.gif" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 176px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 292px;" /></a><br />
Gambar Cara menentukan kaki basis transistor</div><ul><li>Atur multimeter pada pengukuran ohmmeter x100.</li>
<li>Lakukan pengukuran seperti gambar diatas.° Perhatikan penunjukkan pergerakan jarum.</li>
<li>Apabila jarum bergerak ke kanan dengan posisi probe yang satu tetap pada kaki 3 dan probe lainnya pada kaki 1 atau kaki 2 berarti kaki 3 adalah basis transistor. Jika probe negatif yang berada pada kaki 3 berarti transistor tersebut berjenis NPN, sebaliknya jika probe positif berada pada kaki 3 berarti transistortersebut berjenis PNP.</li>
</ul></div><div style="text-align: left;">Cara menentukan Kaki Kolektor dan Emitter<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhu1pjoAeJSqY4COyUVrt6nwDmlxpC7ELsOD0-Nu0E4BNg-JZUS8uTkfmwWV7w7lzbb7N-RoYMP8EPp3p64yxEgs-XJ7yMgVDzeFpi1lSPKGoBx23ZCCqWbbCgG2j15_MPd6zaCCafNL9A/s1600-h/untitled2.gif"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5324206213071569346" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhu1pjoAeJSqY4COyUVrt6nwDmlxpC7ELsOD0-Nu0E4BNg-JZUS8uTkfmwWV7w7lzbb7N-RoYMP8EPp3p64yxEgs-XJ7yMgVDzeFpi1lSPKGoBx23ZCCqWbbCgG2j15_MPd6zaCCafNL9A/s320/untitled2.gif" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 136px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 350px;" /></a><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">Gambar Cara menentukan kaki emiter dan kolektor transistor</div></div><ul><li>Misal: transistor berjenis NPN</li>
<li> Lakukan pengukuran seperti gambar diatas.</li>
<li>Perhatikan penunjukkan jarum, apabila jarum bergerak ke kanan maka kaki 1 (pada probe negatif) adalah emitter dan kaki 2 (pada posisi probe positif) adalah kolektor. Atau jika dipasang kebalikkannya (probe negatif pada kaki 2 dan probe positif pada kaki 1) dan jarum tidak bergerak, maka kaki 1 adalah emitter dan kaki 2 adalah kolektor.</li>
<li>Untuk transistor jenis PNP dapat dilakukan seperti diatas dan hasilnya kebalikan dari transistor jenis NPN.</li>
</ul>TatangTugumashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03654631374659488298noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5558128619304474632.post-88557442808132504322012-04-02T15:59:00.002-07:002012-04-02T19:18:51.781-07:00Transistor Fet UPS<a href="http://kumpulanrangkaianelektronik.blogspot.com/search/label/Transistor">Transistor </a>fet ini sering di gunakan pada ups-ups yang beredar di pasaran. tapi sayangnya agat sukar mendapatkan suku cadang jenis ini.<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdOponqVo2gfxNbBDS805ry0hcWQLyEh1UXx8bupz0AqCsLSNCbNOSv_BRTxN-7a7r2gBQwfDHuJaGolZpyoJu_HVu3NmpPkFHYQbCSiOYigi3WCceV8rXvcGN2IRPtt9I5OVCtFw0jaU/s1600-h/untitled4.bmp"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5299725724342716882" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdOponqVo2gfxNbBDS805ry0hcWQLyEh1UXx8bupz0AqCsLSNCbNOSv_BRTxN-7a7r2gBQwfDHuJaGolZpyoJu_HVu3NmpPkFHYQbCSiOYigi3WCceV8rXvcGN2IRPtt9I5OVCtFw0jaU/s320/untitled4.bmp" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 189px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 431px;" /></a><br />
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=5558128619304474632&postID=8855744280813250432&from=pencil" name="more"></a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUPMG7At2BAy0UYdOJFI4M1lr5DFoGHoM-SMG6_ls0LQFtIR_YH6YRiR15D3nQE-tlef32qxPBmTWXK1oaXSuHIvpIJoy_RQBhXqJV_Tlpk6VJ7bU6NKQVqHZBRVI1xUHvWiKMaHfNdB4/s1600-h/untitled5.bmp"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5299726193107626786" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUPMG7At2BAy0UYdOJFI4M1lr5DFoGHoM-SMG6_ls0LQFtIR_YH6YRiR15D3nQE-tlef32qxPBmTWXK1oaXSuHIvpIJoy_RQBhXqJV_Tlpk6VJ7bU6NKQVqHZBRVI1xUHvWiKMaHfNdB4/s320/untitled5.bmp" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 221px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 404px;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHolrO_EQXMMebHr7hauA1ZakcMQV38lL2uchhAb3BYuzc9Z-ZChuGeXUYMRi_uruhBF1SVRj2CfGLdQj5HfpDDjreUNwKl6Sn1fvJRn2cCQlt7uLupRkRCS6myRd9TShSNSXoH9v0UCI/s1600-h/untitled6.bmp"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5299726993095922834" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHolrO_EQXMMebHr7hauA1ZakcMQV38lL2uchhAb3BYuzc9Z-ZChuGeXUYMRi_uruhBF1SVRj2CfGLdQj5HfpDDjreUNwKl6Sn1fvJRn2cCQlt7uLupRkRCS6myRd9TShSNSXoH9v0UCI/s320/untitled6.bmp" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 275px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 407px;" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqcKsQLgTOfpE5TmyJmUaMk9-b1XfEeyFWCqI5mPz6Y4CZPZ934BdxwM7u0Dd1M0tAAJMnc9rhqBD1oXOZTPiTwYJTDx4U4FEiFw5nJ8AXJK-HMMOc1mAkqZ2XEiC0Q3qDsS5wdV-SkzE/s1600-h/untitled7.bmp"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5299727313224338818" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqcKsQLgTOfpE5TmyJmUaMk9-b1XfEeyFWCqI5mPz6Y4CZPZ934BdxwM7u0Dd1M0tAAJMnc9rhqBD1oXOZTPiTwYJTDx4U4FEiFw5nJ8AXJK-HMMOc1mAkqZ2XEiC0Q3qDsS5wdV-SkzE/s320/untitled7.bmp" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 186px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 414px;" /></a>TatangTugumashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03654631374659488298noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5558128619304474632.post-86338464951226135542012-04-02T15:56:00.004-07:002012-04-02T19:19:11.458-07:00LED (Light Emiting Dioda)<div style="text-align: justify;">LED (Light Emiting Dioda), is a component can product of emissions light. LED findings after dioda. With the same structure also dioda, but later found that the electrons that run into the connection PN also release energy as heat energy and light energy. LED is made to be more efficient if the light issue. To produce light emissions in the semiconductor, doping is the use galium, arsenic and phosporus. A different type of doping will produce a different color of light also.</div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_KVxkNrc1ynE/THYh69yxgoI/AAAAAAAAACI/1Jq_X5Ji36E/s1600/led-symb+%281%29.gif"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5300094863971981442" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_KVxkNrc1ynE/THYh69yxgoI/AAAAAAAAACI/1Jq_X5Ji36E/s400/led-symb+%281%29.gif" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 53px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 99px;" /></a>symbol LED</div><br />
At this time the colors of LED that there is a lot of red, yellow and green. Basically, all colors can be produced, but it will be very expensive and inefficient.TatangTugumashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03654631374659488298noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5558128619304474632.post-56066219447984721932012-04-02T15:55:00.002-07:002012-04-02T19:19:34.300-07:00Dioda Zener<div align="justify">Phenomena tegangan <i>breakdown</i> dioda ini mengilhami pembuatan komponen elektronika lainnya yang dinamakan zener. Sebenarnya tidak ada perbedaan sruktur dasar dari zener, melainkan mirip dengan dioda. Tetapi dengan memberi jumlah doping yang lebih banyak pada sambungan P dan N, ternyata tegangan breakdown dioda bisa makin cepat tercapai. Jika pada dioda biasanya baru terjadi <i>breakdown</i> pada tegangan ratusan volt, pada zener bisa terjadi pada angka puluhan dan satuan volt. Di datasheet ada zener yang memiliki tegangan Vz sebesar 1.5 volt, 3.5 volt dan sebagainya.</div><div align="justify"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9O7veDmuGAfUB50C2M2c_iDIMkCX4sN8WMMTGhWbfbxBRhLKOWkeiA2r-Ls8SMtK1-F00MRYupwmhYA7Ly7MQRJhrBsUz8u_tTokUT-S3cISdORE5imYje2CFkCX2frGTWrjZ4mLZTIc/s1600/untitled.JPG"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5300094528618331250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9O7veDmuGAfUB50C2M2c_iDIMkCX4sN8WMMTGhWbfbxBRhLKOWkeiA2r-Ls8SMtK1-F00MRYupwmhYA7Ly7MQRJhrBsUz8u_tTokUT-S3cISdORE5imYje2CFkCX2frGTWrjZ4mLZTIc/s400/untitled.JPG" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 75px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 124px;" /></a></div><div align="justify"></div><div align="center"><i>Simbol Zener</i></div><div align="justify">Ini adalah karakteristik zener yang unik. Jika dioda bekerja pada bias maju maka zener biasanya berguna pada bias negatif (<i>reverse bias</i>). </div>TatangTugumashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03654631374659488298noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5558128619304474632.post-78747746721421145812012-04-02T15:51:00.002-07:002012-04-02T19:19:52.274-07:00IC Regulator LM78xx<div class="post-header"></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-2579560341469808478"><div dir="ltr" id="result_box" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLYQP3v2smeBHfbzqXPCNV_DfPgg-gIZ3vGQfFcMSNPGTz3WqzRWLMGKnd29sM1kGHGzOMoooe0I3bsAvZfdTN9mp7sIVP5Mi_Z2vGOR3ukuS2f8gFN_AQL8qELgQf7Trnfi5xpOwY2Jc/s1600-h/untitled.bmp" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="body Regulator 78xx" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5300385965330738226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLYQP3v2smeBHfbzqXPCNV_DfPgg-gIZ3vGQfFcMSNPGTz3WqzRWLMGKnd29sM1kGHGzOMoooe0I3bsAvZfdTN9mp7sIVP5Mi_Z2vGOR3ukuS2f8gFN_AQL8qELgQf7Trnfi5xpOwY2Jc/s320/untitled.bmp" style="display: block; height: 202px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 153px;" title="Fisik 78xx" /></a>The available voltage from a voltage source that is usually not appropriate to the needs. It is necessary for a voltage regulator that functions to maintain the constant voltage value on a certain value. Voltage regulator chip is usually a code with the 78xx or 79xx. For the 78xx series is used for DC positive voltage regulator. xx indicates the regulator output voltage. For example, the system needs is a + 5 volt positive, the regulator used is 7805. Chip regulator<br />
<a name='more'></a>consists of three pins, namely input, output and ground. In this IC uses the input voltage must be greater several percent (depending on the data sheet) from the value output voltage.<br />
search<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=5558128619304474632&postID=7874774672142114581&from=pencil" name="more"></a><br />
Chip lm78xx provide facilities in the affairs regulator. price is also relatively inexpensive and easy to find in the market</div><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><br />
<div style="text-align: left;"><div dir="ltr" id="result_box" style="text-align: left;">Features important in the IC LM 78xx:</div></div></div><ul><li>current up to 1A</li>
<li><div dir="ltr" id="result_box" style="text-align: left;">Security short internal</div></li>
<li><div dir="ltr" id="result_box" style="text-align: left;">Safe temperatures 0°C - 70°C</div></li>
<li><div dir="ltr" id="result_box">Temperature max 150°C</div></li>
</ul><br />
<div dir="ltr" id="result_box" style="text-align: left;">Voltage out put in the offer:</div><ul><li>LM7805C 5V</li>
<li>LM7806c 6V</li>
<li>LM7808 8V</li>
<li>LM7809 9V</li>
<li>LM 7810 10V</li>
<li>LM7812C 12V</li>
<li>LM7815C 15V</li>
<li>LM7824 24V</li>
</ul>To be able to work with both the input voltage must be greater (voltage output volt + 3) of the output voltage. Example of the 7812 then bisanya skitar input voltage 15v<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbSb5iZB0vIghCwr3kzqpFy1bvOHu3jUGy1kp_Y0rCG7wbSJWyDkaPrwAOkGhJTy4I7aNwcLOOqEzKFiI5cxAQbPCeEfiHKkDNb6Jx6BikScQZhp7TvEf5DTaB92Jq0ew_et10wHUShJw/s1600-h/untitled2.bmp"><img alt="Rangkaian 78xx" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5300387696560955714" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbSb5iZB0vIghCwr3kzqpFy1bvOHu3jUGy1kp_Y0rCG7wbSJWyDkaPrwAOkGhJTy4I7aNwcLOOqEzKFiI5cxAQbPCeEfiHKkDNb6Jx6BikScQZhp7TvEf5DTaB92Jq0ew_et10wHUShJw/s320/untitled2.bmp" style="display: block; height: 150px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" title="Rangkaian Regulator 78xx" /></a>Skema Rangkaian 78 xx </div>TatangTugumashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03654631374659488298noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5558128619304474632.post-72507067015851802482012-04-02T09:25:00.002-07:002012-04-02T19:20:12.830-07:00IC Regulator LM79xx<div class="post-header"></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-4066755967845356486"><div dir="ltr" id="result_box" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBHnXKryereohTXcEIAgOKJelz-zffNRH30qQtmZGbrWZvgJbp9zQTzofljSDImywWxeU1BT4_iBfPVavONMEWo78ajF0m9CuwTHdUltjdkBRyLOYMkixLUEp97MM8eXm-la3nLaEMpqk/s1600-h/untitled.bmp" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Fisik 79xx" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5302683503123463858" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBHnXKryereohTXcEIAgOKJelz-zffNRH30qQtmZGbrWZvgJbp9zQTzofljSDImywWxeU1BT4_iBfPVavONMEWo78ajF0m9CuwTHdUltjdkBRyLOYMkixLUEp97MM8eXm-la3nLaEMpqk/s320/untitled.bmp" style="display: block; height: 125px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 295px;" title="Bentuk Fisik 79xx" /></a>The available voltage from a voltage source that is usually not appropriate to the needs. It is necessary for a voltage regulator that functions to maintain the constant voltage value on a certain value. Voltage regulator chip is usually a code with the 78xx or 79xx. For the 79xx series is used for DC negative voltage regulator. xx indicates the regulator output voltage. For example, the system needs<br />
<a name='more'></a>is a -5 volt negative, the regulator used is 7905. Chip regulator consists of three pins, namely input, output and ground. In this IC uses the input voltage must be greater several percent (depending on the data sheet) from the value output voltage.</div><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=5558128619304474632&postID=7250706701585180248&from=pencil" name="more"></a></div>TatangTugumashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03654631374659488298noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5558128619304474632.post-31865284693228737432012-04-02T09:22:00.004-07:002012-04-02T19:20:57.148-07:00Menghitung Nilai Resistor<div class="post-header"></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-4770656290745204543"><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4xep-BHW1JtN6ImIjvBNoPRkGTecD9eemOXXH2FmCGBLMEFobrfZWcJ1yk5BOBCzmXhko-Di-Ve9dt-izMAIM5y9lLc6osvYioNxU2rbpjfueJCjPAFqoBN1F3Yfxeu5vmq8msd6yxBM/s1600/Tabel+gelang+warna+resistor.bmp" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5418904478327687522" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4xep-BHW1JtN6ImIjvBNoPRkGTecD9eemOXXH2FmCGBLMEFobrfZWcJ1yk5BOBCzmXhko-Di-Ve9dt-izMAIM5y9lLc6osvYioNxU2rbpjfueJCjPAFqoBN1F3Yfxeu5vmq8msd6yxBM/s400/Tabel+gelang+warna+resistor.bmp" style="display: block; height: 246px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a>Resistor is the basic electronic components used to limit the amount of current flowing in one circuit. As the name implies is a resistive resistor and generally made of carbon materials. From Ohms law is known, the resistance is inversely proportional to the amount of current flowing through it. Unit resistance of a resistor is called Ohm or represented by the symbol W (Omega).<br />
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=5558128619304474632&postID=3186528469322873743&from=pencil" name="more"></a><br />
A common type of resistor is shaped tube with two feet of copper on the left and right. In the body there is formed a circle bracelet color code to identify the user greater ease without measuring the amount of resistance with ohmmeter. Color code is the manufacturing standards issued by EIA (Electronic Industries Association). as shown in the table below.</div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Table Gelang Warna Resistor</span></div><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgc0mhZsgoOYrshvUAvQagxkroI78pLnR-yO0J71Ig5EqYW1U-o3n0CFoArtgnkvY7xdHu_q7NqZ_IMIR0dai25p9hQIHOxGI23sYuz_jpXEVoOd0DicJis-al6NZ_XoN3S8GqLkRudUM/s1600/Gelang+resistor.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5418904475646850178" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgc0mhZsgoOYrshvUAvQagxkroI78pLnR-yO0J71Ig5EqYW1U-o3n0CFoArtgnkvY7xdHu_q7NqZ_IMIR0dai25p9hQIHOxGI23sYuz_jpXEVoOd0DicJis-al6NZ_XoN3S8GqLkRudUM/s400/Gelang+resistor.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 178px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 289px;" /></a><br />
<br />
Example:<br />
The order of the color ring (4 rings resistor color (4 gelang warna)): red, Purple, blue, gold<br />
<ul><li>bracelet color 1: the first number</li>
<li>bracelet color 2: the second number</li>
<li>bracelet color 3: the multiplication factor</li>
<li>bracelet color 4: tolerance</li>
</ul><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9rZDzVFLstP4CofWsyEQ2cNMz3p-5z1z4c-suT2JOgZQBFeeZHxWXv_wsNcczvPbxzd8cGWAjVRUdeM5Ys4yi8fsenZXxSlurKlAWOK19wPtMYY-Qi5nOV1C53XSXtqH9lVZL8tYY_C0/s1600-h/Contoh1.bmp"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5418904467353404978" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9rZDzVFLstP4CofWsyEQ2cNMz3p-5z1z4c-suT2JOgZQBFeeZHxWXv_wsNcczvPbxzd8cGWAjVRUdeM5Ys4yi8fsenZXxSlurKlAWOK19wPtMYY-Qi5nOV1C53XSXtqH9lVZL8tYY_C0/s400/Contoh1.bmp" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 38px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a>The order of the color rings (5 rings resistor color (5 gelang warna)): brown, red, black, orange, brown<br />
<ul><li>bracelet color 1: the first number</li>
<li>bracelet color 2: the second number</li>
<li>bracelet color 3: the third number</li>
<li>bracelet color 4: the multiplication factor</li>
<li>bracelet color 5: tolerance</li>
</ul><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbepqPTCgM3Acu8jvH-Mw8ZIyFOORbZ3pSS3wQe-bYWxTh8F0Mlwh8YBfUE2qA3Eh1TQQc65HpM3wzSiSec757Zh43_bMiSj-E-GNXAU_2l-pqyA-32nwzWtFuc2ANxcny4h04OZzDNnw/s1600/Contoh2.bmp"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5418904478327687522" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbepqPTCgM3Acu8jvH-Mw8ZIyFOORbZ3pSS3wQe-bYWxTh8F0Mlwh8YBfUE2qA3Eh1TQQc65HpM3wzSiSec757Zh43_bMiSj-E-GNXAU_2l-pqyA-32nwzWtFuc2ANxcny4h04OZzDNnw/s400/Contoh2.bmp" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 31px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a>The amount depends on the size watt resistor or the maximum power that can hold by resistors. Generally in the market available sizes 1 / 8, 1 / 4, 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 watts. Resistor has a maximum power of 5, 10 and 20 watts is generally shaped white blocks and the value Direct printed dibadannya resistance, such as 1K 5W.</div>TatangTugumashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03654631374659488298noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5558128619304474632.post-42429095079536811512012-04-02T09:19:00.002-07:002012-04-02T19:21:34.596-07:00Capasitor Function (Fungsi Kapasitor)<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKG3lHAMoiTgoZggg5SB4y8QSbfxvnAgMumvXjy3gLAJ0SFJF1icXGT-AmJwtsfpRL22dkoICwuMAALJlg1RHo78cf6m4LqRSHUQIga1RxFmf_u8deGndjFUAQ6dUywN7KvSyF3NDa5y8/s1600/05.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKG3lHAMoiTgoZggg5SB4y8QSbfxvnAgMumvXjy3gLAJ0SFJF1icXGT-AmJwtsfpRL22dkoICwuMAALJlg1RHo78cf6m4LqRSHUQIga1RxFmf_u8deGndjFUAQ6dUywN7KvSyF3NDa5y8/s320/05.png" /></a>Kapasitor merupakan komponen elektronika yang berfungsi sebagai penyimpan muatan listrik selain itu kapasitor juga dapat digunakan sebagai penyaring frekuensi. Kapasitas kapasitor dalam kemampuannya menyimpan muatan listrik disebut Farad (F).Kapasitor memiliki berbagai macam bentuk dan ukuran tergantung dari kapasitas, <br />
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=5558128619304474632&postID=4242909507953681151&from=pencil" name="more"></a>tegangan kerja, dan lain sebagainya. Kapasitor terbagi dalam dua kelompok yaitu kapasitor yang memiliki kapasitas yang tetap dan kapasitor yang memiliki kapasitas yang dapat diubah-ubah atau dengan kata lain kapasitor variabel.<br />
<br />
<b>Kapasitor Nonpolar</b><br />
Kapasitor nonpolar merupakan jenis kapasitor yang memiliki kapasitas yang tetap, kapasitor ini memiliki kapasitas yang tidak terlalu besar. Untuk menggambarkan sebuah kapasitor dalam sebuah gambar rangkaian elektronika, kapasitor nonpolar digambarkan dengan simbol seperti dibawah ini. <br />
<br />
Kapasitor jenis ini biasanya terbuat dari bahan kertas, mica, keramik, mylar dan lain sebagainya. Jenis bahan pembuat kapasitor memiliki karakteristik yang berbeda-beda, sehingga memiliki kekurangan dan kelebihan masing-masing. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKG3lHAMoiTgoZggg5SB4y8QSbfxvnAgMumvXjy3gLAJ0SFJF1icXGT-AmJwtsfpRL22dkoICwuMAALJlg1RHo78cf6m4LqRSHUQIga1RxFmf_u8deGndjFUAQ6dUywN7KvSyF3NDa5y8/s1600/05.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKG3lHAMoiTgoZggg5SB4y8QSbfxvnAgMumvXjy3gLAJ0SFJF1icXGT-AmJwtsfpRL22dkoICwuMAALJlg1RHo78cf6m4LqRSHUQIga1RxFmf_u8deGndjFUAQ6dUywN7KvSyF3NDa5y8/s320/05.png" /></a> <br />
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<br />
Pada umumnya nilai kapasitas dari sebuah kapasitor nonpolar digambarkan dengan kode angka. Untuk lebih jelasnya dapat dilihat pada contoh berikut. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjelGEq_24wEf2qf_mk9_ih7GsEQsLLX1t7tpsV4JgrG6ck6RJB3KdODQudKdtaYuxayWd5h5oxd9A1XVdy4FhgzTWUKj4WWcGsoclZ-YeoYWUJyMq4q_7mtgXsQqI81RDxZjiEHZp7gQQ/s1600/01.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjelGEq_24wEf2qf_mk9_ih7GsEQsLLX1t7tpsV4JgrG6ck6RJB3KdODQudKdtaYuxayWd5h5oxd9A1XVdy4FhgzTWUKj4WWcGsoclZ-YeoYWUJyMq4q_7mtgXsQqI81RDxZjiEHZp7gQQ/s320/01.png" /></a> <br />
Pada kode angka yang ditampilkan pada baris A untuk mengetahui berapa nilai kapasitas-nya adalah dengan melihat pada bagian Capacitance/Voltage yang terletak pada bagian depan, disana tertulis 0.01/100 yang artinya kapasitor ini memiliki kapasitas 0,01nF dan tegangan maksimum-nya adalah 100V. Sedangkan untuk nilai toleransi-nya diperlihatkan pada bagian belakang, disana tertulis angka 10 yang artinya 10%. <br />
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Pada kode angka yang ditampilkan pada baris B, kode angka dibubuhkan pada bagian atas kapasitor. Pada bagian tersebut tertulis 1,0J63 yang berarti kapasitor tersebut memiliki kapasitas sebesar 1nF, tegangan maksimum-nya 63V, sedangkan toleransi-nya ditandai oleh huruf ”J” yang mana pada keterangan gambar memiliki nilai 5%. Kedua contoh kode diatas nilai kapasitas kapasitor-nya selalu dalam nF (nano Farad). Selain dua contoh diatas ada satu lagi contoh pengkodean pada kapasitor, seperti berikut. <br />
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Pada gambar diatas kode yang tertera adalah 101, angka pertama merupakan digit pertama, angka kedua merupakan digit kedua dan angka ketiga merupakan faktor pengali dalam satuan pF (pico Farad). Jadi nilai kapasitor tersebut adalah 10 x 101 = 100pF. Contoh lain; Jika kode yang tertera adalah 223 maka nilai kapasitas-nya adalah 22 x 103 = 22000pF = 22nF <br />
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<b>Kapasitor Polar atau Kapasitor Elektrolit </b><br />
Sesuai dengan namanya kapasitor ini memiliki polaritas pada kedua kakinya yaitu polaritas positif (+) dan polaritas negatif (-). Kapasitor ini termasuk dalam kelompok kapasitor yang memiliki nilai kapasitas yang tetap dan memiliki nilai kapasitas yang besar. Pada rangkaian elektronika kapasitor elektrolit disimbolkan seperti gambar berikut. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXwRV5Acu3ApCBUAkN3Ln9I_EldfY6qitEV3aT_rWGxa1TQKus5v0YwfUkJMP9dnVOOLhdu1c85MG1IYb04K0GqruD-ZWBaNm0ggcCq5EhS1k2wfmGCc3YziG85PFCvkkaHQNiiJUON3A/s1600/02.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXwRV5Acu3ApCBUAkN3Ln9I_EldfY6qitEV3aT_rWGxa1TQKus5v0YwfUkJMP9dnVOOLhdu1c85MG1IYb04K0GqruD-ZWBaNm0ggcCq5EhS1k2wfmGCc3YziG85PFCvkkaHQNiiJUON3A/s320/02.png" /></a> <br />
Untuk C1 merupakan simbol gaya Eropa (Europe Syle) dan C2 adalah simbol gaya Amerika (American Style). Untuk pemberian nilai kapasitas, pada kapasitor elektrolit ditulis secara langsung lengkap dengan satuan dan tegangan maksimum, serta simbol polaritas-nya. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEip6I46leBd0bg4PYU4T_RTJTqwYSHuL4qpU3lCxftyXOp010LDiVCPwkKFQjlm6pjuCD7SYTK9ZqQyEjCa0UntaQGFKyAqfh0uq4uTA0MJvpw2h5wSk4fnv2MJaAIjguis5VEv8z3U_C0/s1600/04.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEip6I46leBd0bg4PYU4T_RTJTqwYSHuL4qpU3lCxftyXOp010LDiVCPwkKFQjlm6pjuCD7SYTK9ZqQyEjCa0UntaQGFKyAqfh0uq4uTA0MJvpw2h5wSk4fnv2MJaAIjguis5VEv8z3U_C0/s320/04.png" /></a> <br />
Perhatian : Ledakan dapat terjadi jika pemasangan polaritas-nya terbalik atau tegangan yang diberikan pada kapasitor ini melebihi tegangan maksimum-nya. <br />
Kaki yang memiliki polaritas negatif berdekatan dengan tanda garis vertikal pada bodi kapasitor, atau kaki yang berpolaritas positif memiliki ukuran yang lebih panjang daripada kaki yang berpolaritas negatif. Seperti terlihat pada gambar diatas. Kapasitor Variabel Kapasitor variabel adalah kapasitor yang nilai kapasitas-nya dapat diubah-ubah sesuai keinginan. Oleh karena itu kapasitor ini di kelompokan ke dalam kapasitor yang memiliki nilai kapasitas yang tidak tetap<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhUgiy4Piuya-AS0AmvADMfWmq68t9j_UkXA-J_MgbGy7FNBISVJMWi52LW-XNeDIMuZnkjr6T3BcbyY9jMf2zKArUvtl9wXzPEjxiqkG6-8GC6kp7wmMe9TU71vDJ6GyjpuWksIZ9nSI/s1600/03.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhUgiy4Piuya-AS0AmvADMfWmq68t9j_UkXA-J_MgbGy7FNBISVJMWi52LW-XNeDIMuZnkjr6T3BcbyY9jMf2zKArUvtl9wXzPEjxiqkG6-8GC6kp7wmMe9TU71vDJ6GyjpuWksIZ9nSI/s320/03.png" style="cursor: move;" /></a> <br />
Simbol kapasitor variabel diperlihatkan seperti gambar sebelah kiri diatas. Seperti potensiometer kapasitor memiliki tuas untuk diputar atau biasa disebut rotor, dan bagian yang diam disebut stator. Kapasitor variabel dibuat dalam berbagai bentuk dan ukuran, nilai kapasitas-nya mulai dari beberapa pF hingga ratusan pF keatas. Kapasitor variabel biasa terdapat pada pesawat radio penerima, biasanya kapasitor variabel digunakan sebagaituning untuk mencari frekuensi radio dari pemancar.<br />
Source: www.multiteknik66.netTatangTugumashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03654631374659488298noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5558128619304474632.post-22649913122605553272012-04-02T08:50:00.003-07:002012-04-02T19:09:50.120-07:00Adaptor 12 volt menggunakan 2n3055<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm35R2dUZbmO3aP8sKRe1nBp3CUZgBjUXqlBIH-e4QP2O1MG1WPvazdxP-T3l--yVMrL_XQDZ7ihRVCA8saKCXBT9WxSFe0eJi52oasuEJRoO49U9tYwLRuLoqv0S-VFqT92oqzN2zYaw/s1600-h/Adaptor+12+volt+menggunakan+2n3055.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="rangkaian adaptor 12 volt 2N3055" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5415579073314197026" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm35R2dUZbmO3aP8sKRe1nBp3CUZgBjUXqlBIH-e4QP2O1MG1WPvazdxP-T3l--yVMrL_XQDZ7ihRVCA8saKCXBT9WxSFe0eJi52oasuEJRoO49U9tYwLRuLoqv0S-VFqT92oqzN2zYaw/s400/Adaptor+12+volt+menggunakan+2n3055.jpg" style="display: block; height: 205px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 424px;" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Skema rangkaian adaptor 12 volt 2N3055</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table><span style="font-weight: bold;">Rangkaian Adaptor 12 volt 2n3055</span><br />
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This adapter circuit can deliver up to 3A at 12V output voltage. The circuit can be employed on occasions when a current of more that 3A is demanded for regulator. IC regulators of such high current rating are pretty hard to find.<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=5558128619304474632&postID=2264991312260555327&from=pencil" name="more"></a><br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
The transformer T1 steps down mains voltage, to 12rms & the rectifier bridge D1 rectifies it to produce a DC voltage. The C1 filters the rectifier output and produces a DC level. The series pass transistor Q1 (2N 3055) is biased by resistor R1 (680Ω). Since zener diode D1 is under breakdown region the voltage across it will be 12V. So the total output voltage will be steady 12.7 V(theoretically). That is the zener voltage plus base emitter voltage of Q1.Here transistor Q1 will conduct the excess current required .<br />
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<div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4liMdtej0HdRW4rYevEg0j-P13YCsxjHGcPvz9uRg9awsXB8ruBeB6PpWVdtIGo2RbdcBicj7sK4NLoUvZFqRaSSDc_i0E84rlfTQP7B8qEfvUhUWu_mx0iIDR38p8KAXFH8Wh8964qI/s1600-h/2n3055.jpg"><img alt="" border="1" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5415579079986438482" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4liMdtej0HdRW4rYevEg0j-P13YCsxjHGcPvz9uRg9awsXB8ruBeB6PpWVdtIGo2RbdcBicj7sK4NLoUvZFqRaSSDc_i0E84rlfTQP7B8qEfvUhUWu_mx0iIDR38p8KAXFH8Wh8964qI/s400/2n3055.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 370px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 370px;" /></a><br />
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Notes.<br />
<ul><li>If 12V zener is not available ,use the nearest value.</li>
<li>The transformer T1 can be as 23oV primary;15V/5A secondary step down transformer.</li>
<li>The capacitors must be rated at least 25V.</li>
<li>By changing the value of the Zener diode, different output voltages can be obtained from the circuit.</li>
</ul><br />
The 2N3055 is a silicon Epitaxial-Base Planar NPN transistor mounted in Jedec TO-3 metal<br />
case. It is intended for power switching circuits, series and shunt regulators, output stages and high fidelity amplifiers.<br />
<br />
Maximum Ratings<br />
<ul><li>Collector-Base Voltage 100 V</li>
<li>Collector-Emitter Voltage (RBE £ 100W) 70 V</li>
<li>Collector-Emitter Voltage (IB = 0) 60 V</li>
<li>Emitter-Base Voltage (IC = 0) 7 V</li>
<li>Collector Current 15 A</li>
<li>Base Current 7 A</li>
<li>Total Dissipation at Tc £ 25 oC 115 W</li>
<li>Storage Temperature -65 to 200 oC</li>
<li>Operating Junction Temperature 200 oC</li>
</ul>TatangTugumashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03654631374659488298noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5558128619304474632.post-57772249865002137172012-04-02T08:27:00.001-07:002012-04-02T19:10:17.538-07:00Power Suplay paling sederhana<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx6h42EzR9pfJhSv1wmNVt2q7QF5fPlFwlJBzlGuDR4gxip3J57ondQO7YhEdOTKUPNBv90iFFc0oHQdcWQq_qUwBadHGbhlADUNqtvetBqh3kPgqKr-LVk7XyZgS6dyiypcCvCYAbY3uL/s1600/Gambar+power+supply.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="144" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx6h42EzR9pfJhSv1wmNVt2q7QF5fPlFwlJBzlGuDR4gxip3J57ondQO7YhEdOTKUPNBv90iFFc0oHQdcWQq_qUwBadHGbhlADUNqtvetBqh3kPgqKr-LVk7XyZgS6dyiypcCvCYAbY3uL/s320/Gambar+power+supply.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>Rangkaian power supply di atas merupakan salah satu contoh rangkaian power supply yang paling sederhana dan yang paling sering ditemui dalam dunia elektronika. Hanya dengan menggunakan beberapa kompenen inti dari power supply yakni satu buah dioda bridge dan satu buah kapasitor. Dioda bridge digunakan sebagai penyearah gelombang bolak balik yang dihasilkan oleh trafo<br />
<a name='more'></a>step down atau trafo penurun tegangan dan kapasitor digunakan sebagai penghilang riak gelombang yang telah disearahkan oleh dioda bridge. Tetapi bagi anda yang hanya ingin menyalurkan hobby atau ingin menjalankan rangkaian-rangkaian elektronika yang sederhana sebagai percobaan maka rangkaian power supply di atas saya rasa sudah bisa mewakili kebutuhan anda.<br />
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Bagi anda seoarang pemula atau yang sama sekali masih baru dengan dunia elektronika, dengan rangkaian di atas anda bisa dengan mudah memahami prinsip kerja dari sebuah rangkaian power supply. Tegangan jala-jala 220 volt dari listrik PLN diturunkan oleh trafo atau transformator penurun tegangan yang menerapkan perbandingan lilitan. Dimana perbandingan lilitan dari suatu transformator akan mempengaruhi perbandingan tegangan yang dihasilkan. Tegangan yang dihasilkan oleh trafo masih berbentuk gelombang AC dan harus disearahkan dengan menggunakan penyearah. Rangkaian penyearah yang digunakan memanfaatkan 4 buah dioda yang telah dirancang untuk bisa meloloskan kedua siklus gelombang ac menjadi satu arah saja. Atau anda bisa melihat postingan saya yang lain yang membahas tentang rangkaian penyearah.<br />
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Gelombang dua arah yang telah diubah menjadi satu arah keluaran dari dioda bridge masih memiliki riak atau masih memiliki amplitude tegangan yang tidak rata. Hal ini dikarenakan dioda bridge hanya menghilangkan siklus negative dan menjadikannya siklus positif tetapi tidak merubah bentuk gelombang sama sekali dimana masih memilki lembah dan bukit. Untuk itu dimanfaatkan kapasitor yang mempunyai kapasitansi yang cukup besar untuk membuat rata gelombang tersebut. Hal ini dikarenakan lamanya proses pelepasan muatan oleh kapasitor sehingga seolah-olah amplitudo dari gelombang tersebut menjadi rata. Sebenarnya jika anda memahami cara kerja kapasitor anda bisa mengerti bahwa tingkat kerataan dari gelombang yang dihasilkan masih dipengaruhi oleh impedansi beban yang kelak akan dihubungkan dengan rangkaian power supply tersebut. Semakin kecil impdeansi beban maka akan menjadikan proses pelepasan muatan pada kapasitor akan semakin cepat, sehingga dengan begitu maka bisa dipastikan gelombang yang semula rata akan berubah kembali menjadi memiliki riak akibat proses pelepasan muatan yang begitu cepat.TatangTugumashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03654631374659488298noreply@blogger.com0